Fastest PCR Reported (s/cycle) |
System Design |
Heating Method |
Cooling Method |
Template |
[Template] (copies/µL) |
Product Length (bp) |
Polymerase |
[Polymerase] (nM) * |
[Primer] (nM) |
Negative Control Used? |
Assessment of Amplification |
Quality of Amplification |
Group |
0.42 |
Capillary tube moved between 2 water baths via motor |
Water |
Water |
Human |
3000 |
60 |
Klentaq |
8000 |
20000 |
Yes |
Real-time monitoring |
Robust |
|
1.05 |
Flow-through (oscillating) |
Thin-film platinum resistor within microchannel |
Passive cooling (heat sink) |
Synthetic |
5000 |
70 |
Klentaq |
3500 |
5000 |
Yes (not shown) |
Melting curve analysis |
Robust |
|
1.06 |
Flow-through |
Copper block |
Copper block |
Synthetic |
2100 |
69 |
Klentaq |
2000 |
5000 |
Yes |
Melting curve analysis |
Moderate |
|
1.8 |
Radiative using Au nanoparticles |
Radiative (IR laser) |
Chilled airflow |
Plasmid |
NA |
79? |
KAPA2G |
4 |
500 |
Yes (low signal) |
Endpoint fluorescence |
Weak |
|
2 |
Flow-through |
Copper block |
Copper block |
Human |
1500 |
102 |
Klentaq |
64 |
2000 |
Yes |
Real-time monitoring & melting |
Moderate |
|
2.6 |
Pressurized gas and capillaries |
Forced air convection |
Forced air convection |
Bacteria |
360 |
85 |
Taq |
100 |
500 |
No |
Electrophoresis gel |
Weak |
|
2.7 |
Capilary tubes in gallium eutectic |
Peltier |
Peltier |
Bacteria |
NA |
85 |
KOD |
NA |
500 |
No |
Electrophoresis gel |
Weak |
|
3 |
Flow-through |
Aluminium |
Passive cooling (aluminium) |
Bacteria |
10000 |
134 |
Ex Taq |
13 |
200 |
Yes (low signal) |
Real-time monitoring |
Weak |
|
3 |
Flexible capillary moved between 2 water baths via motor |
Water |
Water |
Soybean |
0.03 - 300 |
165 |
SpeedSTAR |
54 |
400 |
Yes |
Electrophoresis gel & imaging |
Moderate |
|
3.7 |
Microfluidic chip |
Peltier |
Peltier with |
Human cDNA |
3800 |
89 |
Taq (HotStart) |
50 |
NA (no primer info) |
Yes (not shown) |
Electrophoresis gel |
Weak |
|
4 |
Flow-through |
Polyimide film heaters |
Passive cooling |
Leukemia cell line.. |
670 |
151 |
KlenTaq |
6000 |
3000 |
No |
Electrophoresis gel |
Robust |
|
4 |
Droplet PCR (in oli) |
Radiative (IR laser) |
Passive cooling |
Bacteria |
33 - 100 |
72 |
KOD |
NA |
NA |
No |
Real-time monitoring |
Moderate |
|
4.3 |
Flow-through |
Aluminium |
Aluminium |
Bacteria |
125 |
Multiplex 197 & 311 |
SpeedSTAR |
54 |
400 |
Yes (not shown) |
Electrophoresis |
Weak |
|
4.6 |
Convective heat transfer through porous copper media with resistive heating |
Water |
Water |
Bacteria |
190000 |
160 |
KAPA2G |
9 |
400 |
Yes (not shown) |
Electrophoresis gel |
Moderate |
|
4.8 |
Silicon chip on Peltier |
Peltier |
Peltier |
Bacteria |
4.2 - 4200 |
78 |
KAPA2G |
370 |
20000 |
Yes |
Real-time monitoring & melting |
Robust |
|
5 |
Capillary tube moved between 2 water baths |
Water |
Water |
Maize |
NA |
195 |
Taq |
300 |
2000 |
Yes |
Electrophoresis gel |
Moderate |
|
5 |
Digital droplet PCR between two water baths |
Water |
Water |
Bacteria |
0.001 – 1000 |
192 |
SpeedSTAR |
86 |
400 |
Yes |
Digital endpoint fluorescence |
Moderate |
|
5.2 |
Flow-through ,(polycarbonate) |
Resistance film heaters |
Passive cooling |
Lambda phage |
200000000 |
500 |
Taq |
14 |
200 |
No |
Electrophoresis gel |
Weak |
|
5.3 |
Water pumped against aluminum plate with 1µL droplets |
Aluminium |
Aluminium |
Bacteria |
2200000 |
72 |
KOD |
24 |
250 |
Yes |
Real-time monitoring |
Robust |
|
5.6 |
Droplet shuttled between zones using electrowetting |
ITO resistive heating |
Passive cooling |
Plasmid |
170000 |
63 |
KAPA2G |
22 |
500 |
Yes |
Real-time monitoring |
Moderate |
|
5.7 |
Flow-through |
Aluminium |
Aluminium |
Bacteria |
NA |
Multiplex 197 & 316 |
SpeedSTAR |
1 |
200 |
Yes (not shown) |
Electrophoresis |
Moderate |
|
6.3 |
Flow-through |
Aluminium |
Aluminium |
Plasmid |
400 |
NA |
Ex Taq |
13 |
400 |
Yes (low signal) |
Endpoint fluorescence |
Moderate |
|
6.5 |
Photonic heating on a chip with TiN nanorings |
Radiative (IR LED) |
Passive cooling |
Lambda phage |
NA |
100 |
Taq |
NA |
400 |
No |
Electrophoresis gel |
Weak |
|
6.6 |
Flow-through (silica chip) |
Copper block |
Copper block |
PCR product |
10000000 |
176 |
Taq |
50 |
1000 |
Yes |
Electrophoresis gel |
Weak |
|
6.6 |
Gold nanoislands on glass nanopillar arrays |
Radiative (White LED) |
Passive cooling |
Lambda phage |
9000 |
98 |
Taq |
5 |
9000 |
Yes |
Real-time monitoring |
Robust |
|
6.7 |
Primer-immobilized hydrogels containing graphene oxide |
Radiative (NIR LED) |
Passive cooling |
Synthetic |
10000000 |
59 |
Taq |
NA |
NA |
Yes |
Real-time monitoring |
Robust |
|
7 |
Gold nanoislands on glass nanopillar arrays |
Radiative (White LED) |
Passive cooling |
Lambda phage |
1800000 |
98 |
Taq |
5 |
9000 |
Yes |
Electrophoresis gel |
Robust |
|
7.5 |
Silicon chip |
Peltier |
Peltier |
Pseudo virus |
NA |
116 |
Kapa2G |
40 |
360 |
Yes |
Real-time monitoring |
Moderate |
|
8.5 |
Micromachined cantilever terminated in a disc |
Thin silicon film heater |
Passive cooling |
Mouse cDNA |
NA |
82 |
AmpliTaq |
NA |
900 |
No |
Real-time monitoring |
Robust |
|
9 |
Flow-through (circular chip) |
Copper block |
Passive cooling |
Lambda phage |
18000000 |
500 |
Taq |
5 |
1000 |
Yes |
Electrophoresis gel |
Moderate |
|
9 |
Droplets in oil |
Radiative (IR laser) |
Passive cooling |
Human 18S rDNA |
1000000 |
187 |
AmpliTaq |
NA |
900 |
No |
Real-time monitoring |
Robust |
|
9.8 |
Plasmonic PCR with Au film |
Radiative (Blue LED) |
Passive cooling |
Human cDNA |
2000 |
116 |
KAPA2G |
1100 |
1000 |
No |
Electrophoresis gel |
Weak |
|
10 |
Plasmonic PCR with Au film |
Radiative (Blue LED) |
Forced air convection |
Lambda phage |
1800000 |
98 |
Taq |
5 |
900 |
No |
Electrophoresis gel |
Weak |
|
10 |
Capillary tube moved between 2 water baths |
Water |
Water |
Bacteria |
NA |
Multiplex 123 & 284 |
ExTaq |
380 |
2000 |
Yes |
Electrophoresis gel |
Robust |
|
20 |
Air-cycling system using thin glass capillary tubes |
Forced air convection |
Forced air convection |
Human |
1500 |
536 |
Taq |
16 |
500 |
Yes (not shown) |
Electrophoresis gel |
Robust |